What are the initial screening tests for HIV?

The initial screening tests for HIV are typically enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and rapid tests. ELISA is a well-established and widely used test that detects antibodies to HIV in the blood, indicating if an individual has been infected with the virus. Rapid tests are designed to provide quick results and can also detect antibodies, making them convenient for widespread screenings in various settings.

Using these tests as initial screening methods is critical because they are sensitive and specific, allowing for effective identification of HIV infections. If the ELISA or rapid test results are positive, further confirmatory testing, such as a Western blot or nucleic acid test, is then performed to establish a definitive diagnosis.

Other options like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot are generally used for confirmatory testing rather than initial screening. Complete blood count (CBC) and CD4 count are used to monitor the health of individuals already diagnosed with HIV rather than for initial screening. Similarly, urinalysis and chest X-ray do not play a role in the initial screening for HIV. Therefore, the combination of ELISA and rapid tests is the most effective approach for the initial identification of HIV status.