Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Nukes) work by which mechanism?

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Nukes) specifically target the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is crucial for the replication of HIV. By mimicking the building blocks of DNA, Nukes are incorporated into the viral DNA during reverse transcription. This incorporation prevents the enzyme from successfully converting HIV's RNA into DNA—a necessary step for the virus to replicate effectively within the host cells. As a result, these drugs effectively block the virus's genetic material from creating altered DNA, thus halting its ability to propagate.

The functioning of Nukes contrasts with other mechanisms of action present in the various HIV medications. For instance, while some medications may focus on the entry of the virus into cells, increase immune cell production, or enhance the effectiveness of other treatments, Nukes directly interrupt the replication process by acting on the reverse transcriptase—illustrating why this mechanism is distinct and critical in the treatment of HIV.