Why is stigma a significant barrier to HIV testing and treatment?

Stigma plays a critical role in hindering individuals from seeking HIV testing and treatment. When stigma is present, individuals may fear negative judgment, discrimination, or social isolation due to their perceived or actual HIV status. This fear can be so overwhelming that it deters them from accessing necessary healthcare services.

Consequently, individuals might delay or avoid testing altogether and refrain from pursuing treatment even if they are diagnosed. This avoidance can lead to untreated infections, further transmission of the virus, and increased health complications for individuals who need care. Hence, addressing stigma is essential for promoting HIV testing and improving treatment uptake, ultimately leading to better health outcomes and controlling the spread of HIV.

The other options do not directly address the primary effect of stigma on healthcare-seeking behavior. While stigma may influence healthcare costs or public awareness, the core issue remains rooted in its impact on an individual's willingness to engage with healthcare services.